Maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking by adolescent daughters.
D B Kandel,
P Wu and
M Davies
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.
OBJECTIVES. Since cigarette smoking in adolescence representsa crucial entry point in the progression to illicit drugs, riskfactors for adolescent smoking have public health implications.The influence of mothers on children's smoking appears to begreater than that of fathers. To explain the selective influenceof mothers, we examined the consequences of maternal smokingduring pregnancy in two longitudinal samples. METHODS. Analyseswere conducted on follow-up interview data from two dyadic samplesof mothers and firstborn adolescents for whom data on maternalsmoking during and after pregnancy were available (192 mother-childpairs originating from New York State and 797 dyads from a nationalsample). RESULTS. In both samples, maternal smoking during pregnancy,when postnatal smoking was controlled, selectively increasedthe probability that female children would smoke and would persistin smoking (adjusted odds ratios of about 4). CONCLUSIONS. Thefindings suggest that nicotine or other substances releasedby maternal smoking can affect the fetus, perhaps through thenicotinic input to the dopaminergic motivational system, soas to predispose the brain in a critical period of its developmentto the subsequent addictive influence of nicotine consumed morethan a decade later in life.
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