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American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 86, Issue 10 1370-1378, Copyright © 1996 by American Public Health Association

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Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults.

N Krieger and S Sidney

Department of Health and Social Behaviour, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations between blood pressure and self reported experiences of racial discrimination and responses to unfair treatment. METHODS: Survey data were collected in year 7 (1992/93) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a prospective multisite community-based investigation. Participants included 831 Black men, 1143 Black women, 1006 White men, and 1106 White women 25 to 37 years old. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure among working-class Black adults reporting that they typically accepted unfair treatment and had experienced racial discrimination in none of seven situations was about 7 mm Hg higher than among those reporting that they challenged unfair treatment and experienced racial discrimination in one or two of the situations. Among professional Black adults, systolic blood pressure was 9 to 10 mm Hg lower among those reporting that they typically challenged unfair treatment and had not experienced racial discrimination. Black-White differences in blood pressure were substantially reduced by taking into account reported experiences of racial discrimination and responses to unfair treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Research on racial/ ethnic distributions of blood pressure should take into account how discrimination may harm health.




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Racial Differences in Perceived Discrimination in a Community Population of Older Blacks and Whites
J Aging Health, June 1, 2004; 16(3): 315 - 337.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Journal of Black PsychologyHome page
S. Danoff-Burg, H. M. Prelow, and R. R. Swenson
Hope and Life Satisfaction in Black College Students Coping With Race-Related Stress
Journal of Black Psychology, May 1, 2004; 30(2): 208 - 228.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Psychosom. Med.Home page
B. Mullen and J. M. Smyth
Immigrant Suicide Rates as a Function of Ethnophaulisms: Hate Speech Predicts Death
Psychosom Med, May 1, 2004; 66(3): 343 - 348.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 American Behavioral ScientistHome page
G. G. Bennett, M. M. Merritt, C. L. Edwards, and J. J. Sollers III
Perceived Racism and Affective Responses to Ambiguous Interpersonal Interactions among African American Men
American Behavioral Scientist, March 1, 2004; 47(7): 963 - 976.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Journal of Black StudiesHome page
H. A. Neville, P. P. Heppner, P. Ji, and R. Thye
The Relations among General and Race-Related Stressors and Psychoeducational Adjustment in Black Students Attending Predominantly White Institutions
Journal of Black Studies, March 1, 2004; 34(4): 599 - 618.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
L. A. Cooper, D. L. Roter, R. L. Johnson, D. E. Ford, D. M. Steinwachs, and N. R. Powe
Patient-Centered Communication, Ratings of Care, and Concordance of Patient and Physician Race
Ann Intern Med, December 2, 2003; 139(11): 907 - 915.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Law Med EthicsHome page
W. E. Parmet and A. Robbins
Public Health Literacy for Lawyers
J. Law Med. Ethics, December 1, 2003; 31(4): 701 - 713.
[PDF]

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 Journal of Health Politics, Policy and LawHome page
J. Stevens
Racial Meanings and Scientific Methods: Changing Policies for NIH-Sponsored Publications Reporting Human Variation
Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law, December 1, 2003; 28(6): 1033 - 1088.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Psychosom. Med.Home page
R. Clark
Parental History of Hypertension and Coping Responses Predict Blood Pressure Changes in Black College Volunteers Undergoing a Speaking Task About Perceptions of Racism
Psychosom Med, November 1, 2003; 65(6): 1012 - 1019.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journal of Black PsychologyHome page
E. K. Seaton
An Examination of the Factor Structure of the Index of Race-Related Stress among a Sample of African American Adolescents
Journal of Black Psychology, August 1, 2003; 29(3): 292 - 307.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Diabetes Spectr.Home page
M. D. Owens
Diabetes and Women's Health Issues: Preface
Diabetes Spectr, July 1, 2003; 16(3): 146 - 147.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Health PsycholHome page
S. Thorburn Bird and L. M. Bogart
Birth Control Conspiracy Beliefs, Perceived Discrimination, and Contraception among African Americans: An Exploratory Study
J Health Psychol, March 1, 2003; 8(2): 263 - 276.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 JCOHome page
J. S. Mandelblatt, S. B. Edge, N. J. Meropol, R. Senie, T. Tsangaris, L. Grey, B. M. Peterson Jr, Y.-T. Hwang, J. Kerner, and J. Weeks
Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes in Older Breast Cancer Survivors: Perceptions Versus Patterns of Care
J. Clin. Oncol., March 1, 2003; 21(5): 855 - 863.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AJPHHome page
D. R. Williams, H. W. Neighbors, and J. S. Jackson
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies
Am J Public Health, February 1, 2003; 93(2): 200 - 208.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AJPHHome page
D. Acevedo-Garcia, K. A. Lochner, T. L. Osypuk, and S. V. Subramanian
Future Directions in Residential Segregation and Health Research: A Multilevel Approach
Am J Public Health, February 1, 2003; 93(2): 215 - 221.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AJPHHome page
W. A. Darity Jr.
Employment Discrimination, Segregation, and Health
Am J Public Health, February 1, 2003; 93(2): 226 - 231.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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