|
 |
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
© 2002 American Public Health Association
FORUM ON YOUTH SMOKING |
Pamela M. Ling is with the Traineeships in AIDS Prevention Studies, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco. Stanton A. Glantz is with the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Institute for Health Policy Studies, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Stanton A. Glantz, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Box 0130, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
(e-mail: glantz{at}medicine.ucsf.edu).
Objectives. To improve tobacco control campaigns, we analyzed tobacco industry strategies that encourage young adults (aged 18 to 24) to smoke.
Methods. Initial searches of tobacco industry documents with keywords (e.g., "young adult") were extended by using names, locations, and dates.
Results. Approximately 200 relevant documents were found. Transitions from experimentation to addiction, with adult levels of cigarette consumption, may take years. Tobacco marketing solidifies addiction among young adults. Cigarette advertisements encourage regular smoking and increased consumption by integrating smoking into activities and places where young adults' lives change (e.g., leaving home, college, jobs, the military, bars).
Conclusions. Tobacco control efforts should include both adults and youths. Life changes are also opportunities to stop occasional smokers' progress to addiction. Clean air policies in workplaces, the military, bars, colleges, and homes can combat tobacco marketing. (Am J Public Health. 2002;92:908–916)
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Wolfson, T. P. McCoy, and E. L. Sutfin College students' exposure to secondhand smoke Nicotine Tob Res, August 1, 2009; 11(8): 977 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J. Tung, Y. H. Hendlin, and S. A. Glantz Competing Initiatives: A New Tobacco Industry Strategy to Oppose Statewide Clean Indoor Air Ballot Measures Am J Public Health, March 1, 2009; 99(3): 430 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Strasser, J. N. Cappella, C. Jepson, M. Fishbein, K. Z. Tang, E. Han, and C. Lerman Experimental evaluation of antitobacco PSAs: Effects of message content and format on physiological and behavioral outcomes Nicotine Tob Res, March 1, 2009; 11(3): 293 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Nelson, P. Mowery, K. Asman, L. L. Pederson, P. M. O'Malley, A. Malarcher, E. W. Maibach, and T. F. Pechacek Long-Term Trends in Adolescent and Young Adult Smoking in the United States: Metapatterns and Implications Am J Public Health, May 1, 2008; 98(5): 905 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Braun, R Mejia, P M Ling, and E J Perez-Stable Tobacco industry targeting youth in Argentina Tob. Control, April 1, 2008; 17(2): 111 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Morton, M. Garrett, J. Reid, and D. L. Wingard Current Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes Among Patients in Selected Indian Health Service Clinics, 1998-2003 Am J Public Health, March 1, 2008; 98(3): 560 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Ellis, S. B. Perl, K. Davis, and L. Vichinsky Gender Differences in Smoking and Cessation Behaviors Among Young Adults After Implementation of Local Comprehensive Tobacco Control Am J Public Health, February 1, 2008; 98(2): 310 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L Schmitt, A. M Malarcher, P. I Clark, J. M Bombard, W. Strauss, and F. A Stillman Community guide recommendations and state level tobacco control programmes: 1999 2004 Tob. Control, October 1, 2007; 16(5): 318 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Ling, T. B. Neilands, and S. A. Glantz The Effect of Support for Action Against the Tobacco Industry on Smoking Among Young Adults Am J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 97(8): 1449 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. Macy, D.-C. Seo, L. Chassin, C. C. Presson, and S. J. Sherman Prospective Predictors of Long-Term Abstinence Versus Relapse Among Smokers Who Quit as Young Adults Am J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 97(8): 1470 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. Stillman, L. Bone, E. Avila-Tang, K. Smith, N. Yancey, C. Street, and K. Owings Barriers to Smoking Cessation in Inner-City African American Young Adults Am J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 97(8): 1405 - 1408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Fagan, E. Augustson, C. L. Backinger, M. E. O'Connell, R. E. Vollinger Jr, A. Kaufman, and J. T. Gibson Quit Attempts and Intention to Quit Cigarette Smoking Among Young Adults in the United States Am J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 97(8): 1412 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Green, K. L. McCausland, H. Xiao, J. C. Duke, D. M. Vallone, and C. G. Healton A Closer Look at Smoking Among Young Adults: Where Tobacco Control Should Focus Its Attention Am J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 97(8): 1427 - 1433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. McDermott, A. Dobson, and N. Owen Occasional tobacco use among young adult women: a longitudinal analysis of smoking transitions Tob. Control, August 1, 2007; 16(4): 248 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Smith and R. E. Malone 'We will speak as the smoker': the tobacco industry's smokers' rights groups Eur J Public Health, June 1, 2007; 17(3): 306 - 313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Thrasher and C. Jackson Mistrusting Companies, Mistrusting the Tobacco Industry: Clarifying the Context of Tobacco Prevention Efforts That Focus on the Tobacco Industry Journal of Health and Social Behavior, December 1, 2006; 47(4): 406 - 422. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S J Anderson, T Dewhirst, and P M Ling Every document and picture tells a story: using internal corporate document reviews, semiotics, and content analysis to assess tobacco advertising Tob. Control, June 1, 2006; 15(3): 254 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Lewis and O. Wackowski Dealing With an Innovative Industry: A Look at Flavored Cigarettes Promoted by Mainstream Brands Am J Public Health, February 1, 2006; 96(2): 244 - 251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R Weitzman, Y.-Y. Chen, and S V Subramanian Youth smoking risk and community patterns of alcohol availability and control: a national multilevel study J Epidemiol Community Health, December 1, 2005; 59(12): 1065 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Chapman The most important and influential papers in tobacco control: results of an online poll Tob. Control, October 1, 2005; 14(5): e1 - e1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. R. Frieden and D. E. Blakeman The Dirty Dozen: 12 Myths That Undermine Tobacco Control Am J Public Health, September 1, 2005; 95(9): 1500 - 1505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N Hafez and P M Ling How Philip Morris built Marlboro into a global brand for young adults: implications for international tobacco control Tob. Control, August 1, 2005; 14(4): 262 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Barnoya, S. A. Bialous, and S. A. Glantz Effective Interventions to Reduce Smoking-Induced Heart Disease Around the World: Time to Act Circulation, July 26, 2005; 112(4): 456 - 458. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B A Toll and P M Ling The Virginia Slims identity crisis: an inside look at tobacco industry marketing to women Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(3): 172 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D Hammond Smoking behaviour among young adults: beyond youth prevention Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(3): 181 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E A Gilpin, V M White, and J P Pierce How effective are tobacco industry bar and club marketing efforts in reaching young adults? Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(3): 186 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J P Pierce, M M White, and E A Gilpin Adolescent smoking decline during California's tobacco control programme Tob. Control, June 1, 2005; 14(3): 207 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Gallus, R. Pacifici, P. Colombo, C. La Vecchia, S. Garattini, G. Apolone, and P. Zuccaro Tobacco dependence in the general population in Italy Ann. Onc., May 1, 2005; 16(5): 703 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S J Anderson, S A Glantz, and P M Ling Emotions for sale: cigarette advertising and women's psychosocial needs Tob. Control, April 1, 2005; 14(2): 127 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D Hammond, I Tremblay, M Chaiton, E Lessard, C Callard, and the Tobacco on Campus Workgroup Tobacco on campus: industry marketing and tobacco control policy among post-secondary institutions in Canada Tob. Control, April 1, 2005; 14(2): 136 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. A. Rigotti, S. E. Moran, and H. Wechsler US College Students' Exposure to Tobacco Promotions: Prevalence and Association With Tobacco Use Am J Public Health, January 1, 2005; 95(1): 138 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Moran, H. Wechsler, and N. A. Rigotti Social Smoking Among US College Students Pediatrics, October 1, 2004; 114(4): 1028 - 1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Lewis, S. G. Yulis, C. Delnevo, and M. Hrywna Tobacco Industry Direct Marketing after the Master Settlement Agreement Health Promot Pract, July 1, 2004; 5(3_suppl): 75S - 83S. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E M Barbeau, A Leavy-Sperounis, and E D Balbach Smoking, social class, and gender: what can public health learn from the tobacco industry about disparities in smoking? Tob. Control, June 1, 2004; 13(2): 115 - 120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Pacifici, P. G. Zuccaro, S. Gallus, P. Colombo, S. Garattini, and C. L. Vecchia Use of cigarette vending machines by minors in Italy Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2004; 33(2): 432 - 432. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Fagan, G. King, D. Lawrence, S. A. Petrucci, R. G. Robinson, D. Banks, S. Marable, and R. Grana Eliminating Tobacco-Related Health Disparities: Directions for Future Research Am J Public Health, February 1, 2004; 94(2): 211 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Schroeder Tobacco Control in the Wake of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement N. Engl. J. Med., January 15, 2004; 350(3): 293 - 301. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N A Rigotti, S Regan, S E Moran, and H Wechsler Students' opinion of tobacco control policies recommended for US colleges: a national survey Tob. Control, September 1, 2003; 12(3): 251 - 256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K E Warner, P D Jacobson, and N J Kaufman Innovative approaches to youth tobacco control: introduction and overview Tob. Control, June 1, 2003; 12(90001): i1 - 5. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P M Lantz Smoking on the rise among young adults: implications for research and policy Tob. Control, June 1, 2003; 12(90001): i60 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Ling and S. A. Glantz Using Tobacco-Industry Marketing Research to Design More Effective Tobacco-Control Campaigns JAMA, June 12, 2002; 287(22): 2983 - 2989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E. Warner What's a Cigarette Company to Do? Am J Public Health, June 1, 2002; 92(6): 897 - 900. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Landman, P. M. Ling, and S. A. Glantz Tobacco Industry Youth Smoking Prevention Programs: Protecting the Industry and Hurting Tobacco Control Am J Public Health, June 1, 2002; 92(6): 917 - 930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |