HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Figures Only Full Text Full Text (PDF) Appendixes Submit a response View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (97) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Krieger, N. Articles by Subramanian, S. V. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Krieger, N. Articles by Subramanian, S. V. Related Collections Epidemiology Geography Public Health Practice Other Race/Ethnicity Socioeconomic Factors Surveillance

Nancy Krieger, PhD, Jarvis T. Chen, ScD, Pamela D. Waterman, MPH, David H. Rehkopf, MPH and S. V. Subramanian, PhD

The authors are with the Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Nancy Krieger, PhD, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: nkrieger{at}hsph.harvard.edu).

Use of multilevel frameworks and area-based socioeconomic measures (ABSMs) for public health monitoring can potentially overcome the absence of socioeconomic data in most US public health surveillance systems.

To assess whether ABSMs can meaningfully be used for diverse race/ethnicity–gender groups, we geocoded and linked public health surveillance data from Massachusetts and Rhode Island to 1990 block group, tract, and zip code ABSMs. Outcomes comprised death, birth, cancer incidence, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections, childhood lead poisoning, and nonfatal weapons-related injuries.

Among White, Black, and Hispanic women and men, measures of economic deprivation (e.g., percentage below poverty) were most sensitive to expected socioeconomic gradients in health, with the most consistent results and maximal geocoding linkage evident for tract-level analyses.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. L. Pruitt, M. J. Shim, P. D. Mullen, S. W. Vernon, and B. C. Amick III Association of Area Socioeconomic Status and Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2009; 18(10): 2579 - 2599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. P. Theall, R. Scribner, D. Cohen, R. N. Bluthenthal, M. Schonlau, S. Lynch, and T. A. Farley The Neighborhood Alcohol Environment and Alcohol-Related Morbidity Alcohol Alcohol., September 1, 2009; 44(5): 491 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. D. Chu, M. H. Smith, M. Williams, L. Panu, L. W. Johnson, R. Shi, B. D.L. Li, and J. Glass Race/Ethnicity Has No Effect on Outcome for Breast Cancer Patients Treated at an Academic Center with a Public Hospital Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2009; 18(8): 2157 - 2161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Albain, J. M. Unger, J. J. Crowley, C. A. Coltman Jr, and D. L. Hershman Racial Disparities in Cancer Survival Among Randomized Clinical Trials Patients of the Southwest Oncology Group J Natl Cancer Inst, July 15, 2009; 101(14): 984 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Peiris, T. P. Singh, W. Tworetzky, E. C. Chong, K. Gauvreau, and D. W. Brown Association of Socioeconomic Position and Medical Insurance With Fetal Diagnosis of Critical Congenital Heart Disease Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 354 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. P. Singh, K. Gauvreau, H. J. Bastardi, E. D. Blume, and J. E. Mayer Socioeconomic Position and Graft Failure in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients Circ Heart Fail, May 1, 2009; 2(3): 160 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M Gorey Breast cancer survival in Canada and the USA: meta-analytic evidence of a Canadian advantage in low-income areas Int. J. Epidemiol., April 22, 2009; (2009) dyp193v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Trujillo, J. A. Vernon, L. Rodriguez Wong, and G. Angeles Race and Health Disparities Among Seniors in Urban Areas in Brazil J Aging Health, February 1, 2009; 21(1): 3 - 37. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Caprio, S. R. Daniels, A. Drewnowski, F. R. Kaufman, L. A. Palinkas, A. L. Rosenbloom, and J. B. Schwimmer Influence of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture on Childhood Obesity: Implications for Prevention and Treatment: A consensus statement of Shaping America's Health and the Obesity Society Diabetes Care, November 1, 2008; 31(11): 2211 - 2221. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. Foraker, K. M. Rose, A. P. McGinn, C. M. Suchindran, D. C. Goff Jr, E. A. Whitsel, J. L. Wood, and W. D. Rosamond Neighborhood Income, Health Insurance, and Prehospital Delay for Myocardial Infarction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Arch Intern Med, September 22, 2008; 168(17): 1874 - 1879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S Pednekar, M. Hakama, J. R Hebert, and P. C Gupta Association of body mass index with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: findings from a prospective cohort study in Mumbai (Bombay), India Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2008; 37(3): 524 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Wharam, A. A. Galbraith, K. P. Kleinman, S. B. Soumerai, D. Ross-Degnan, and B. E. Landon Cancer Screening before and after Switching to a High-Deductible Health Plan Ann Intern Med, May 6, 2008; 148(9): 647 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Hussey, G. Anderson, J.-M. Berthelot, C. Feek, E. Kelley, R. Osborn, V. Raleigh, and A. Epstein Trends in socioeconomic disparities in health care quality in four countries Int. J. Qual. Health Care, February 1, 2008; 20(1): 53 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Volkova, W. McClellan, M. Klein, D. Flanders, D. Kleinbaum, J. M. Soucie, and R. Presley Neighborhood Poverty and Racial Differences in ESRD Incidence J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2008; 19(2): 356 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.I. Iezzoni, L.H. Ngo, and R.P. Kinkel Working-age persons with multiple sclerosis and access to disease-modifying medications Multiple Sclerosis, January 1, 2008; 14(1): 112 - 122. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. M. Chamberlain, J. G. Joseph, K. M. Patel, and M. M. Pollack Differences in Severity-Adjusted Pediatric Hospitalization Rates Are Associated With Race/Ethnicity Pediatrics, June 1, 2007; 119(6): e1319 - e1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. MacKinnon, R. C. Duncan, Y. Huang, D. J. Lee, L. E. Fleming, L. Voti, M. Rudolph, and J. D. Wilkinson Detecting an Association between Socioeconomic Status and Late Stage Breast Cancer Using Spatial Analysis and Area-Based Measures Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 756 - 762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Wharam, B. E. Landon, A. A. Galbraith, K. P. Kleinman, S. B. Soumerai, and D. Ross-Degnan Emergency Department Use and Subsequent Hospitalizations Among Members of a High-Deductible Health Plan JAMA, March 14, 2007; 297(10): 1093 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. L. Howe, A. J. Lake, and T. Shen Method to Assess Identifiability in Electronic Data Files Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2007; 165(5): 597 - 601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Lisabeth, A. Diez Roux, J. Escobar, M. Smith, and L. Morgenstern Neighborhood Environment and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) Project Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2007; 165(3): 279 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Tanaka, G. Jaamaa, M. Kaiser, E. Hills, A. Soim, M. Zhu, I. Y. Shcherbatykh, R. Samelson, E. Bell, M. Zdeb, et al. Racial Disparity in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in New York State: A 10-Year Longitudinal Population-Based Study Am J Public Health, January 1, 2007; 97(1): 163 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M Karpati, M. T Bassett, and C. McCord Neighbourhood mortality inequalities in New York City, 1989-1991 and 1999-2001. J Epidemiol Community Health, December 1, 2006; 60(12): 1060 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. H. Rehkopf, L. T. Haughton, J. T. Chen, P. D. Waterman, S.V. Subramanian, and N. Krieger Monitoring Socioeconomic Disparities in Death: Comparing Individual-Level Education and Area-Based Socioeconomic Measures Am J Public Health, December 1, 2006; 96(12): 2135 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. V. Subramanian, J. T. Chen, D. H. Rehkopf, P. D. Waterman, and N. Krieger Comparing Individual- and Area-based Socioeconomic Measures for the Surveillance of Health Disparities: A Multilevel Analysis of Massachusetts Births, 1989-1991 Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2006; 164(9): 823 - 834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Shaw, C. N. B. Merz, C. J. Pepine, S. E. Reis, V. Bittner, K. E. Kip, S. F. Kelsey, M. Olson, B. D. Johnson, S. Mankad, et al. The Economic Burden of Angina in Women With Suspected Ischemic Heart Disease: Results From the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Circulation, August 29, 2006; 114(9): 894 - 904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z.-C. Luo, R. Wilkins, M. S. Kramer, and for the Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Effect of neighbourhood income and maternal education on birth outcomes: a population-based study. Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 9, 2006; 174(10): 1415 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Krieger Using area-based socioeconomic measures to study social disparities in cancer. AACR Meeting Abstracts, April 1, 2006; 2006(1): 1359 - 1360. [Abstract]

				P. Ong, M. Graham, and D. Houston Policy and Programmatic Importance of Spatial Alignment of Data Sources Am J Public Health, March 1, 2006; 96(3): 499 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Dominguez-Berjon, C. Borrell, M. Rodriguez-Sanz, and V. Pastor The usefulness of area-based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in health in Southern Europe Eur J Public Health, February 1, 2006; 16(1): 54 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cohen, P. R. Houck, K. Szanto, M. A. Dew, S. E. Gilman, and C. F. Reynolds III Social Inequalities in Response to Antidepressant Treatment in Older Adults Arch Gen Psychiatry, January 1, 2006; 63(1): 50 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Bradley, D. Neumark, K. Oberst, Z. Luo, S. Brennan, and M. Schenk Combining Registry, Primary, and Secondary Data Sources to Identify the Impact of Cancer on Labor Market Outcomes Med Decis Making, September 1, 2005; 25(5): 534 - 547. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. J. Thomas, L. E. Eberly, G. Davey Smith, J. D. Neaton, J. Stamler, and for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Re Race/Ethnicity, Income, Major Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Am J Public Health, August 1, 2005; 95(8): 1417 - 1423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. McLafferty and S. Grady Immigration and Geographic Access to Prenatal Clinics in Brooklyn, NY: A Geographic Information Systems Analysis Am J Public Health, April 1, 2005; 95(4): 638 - 640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Krieger, J. T. Chen, P. D. Waterman, D. H. Rehkopf, and S.V. Subramanian Painting a Truer Picture of US Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Health Inequalities: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project Am J Public Health, February 1, 2005; 95(2): 312 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]