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February 2003, Vol 93, No. 2 | American Journal of Public Health 200-208
© 2003 American Public Health Association

RACIAL/ETHNIC BIAS AND HEALTH

Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies

David R. Williams, PhD, MPH, Harold W. Neighbors, PhD and James S. Jackson, PhD

The authors are with the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to David R. Williams, PhD, MPH, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 (e-mail: wildavid{at}umich.edu).

The authors review the available empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and health. This research indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status.

However, the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measurement of discrimination, research designs, and inattention to the way in which the association between discrimination and health unfolds over the life course.

Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrimination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which discrimination can lead to changes in health.




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Reducing Delay in Seeking Treatment by Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Stroke Council
Circulation, July 11, 2006; 114(2): 168 - 182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AJPHHome page
A. J. Schulz, C. C. Gravlee, D. R. Williams, B. A. Israel, G. Mentz, and Z. Rowe
Discrimination, Symptoms of Depression, and Self-Rated Health Among African American Women in Detroit: Results From a Longitudinal Analysis
Am J Public Health, July 1, 2006; 96(7): 1265 - 1270.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hispanic Journal of Behavioral SciencesHome page
B. Y. Araujo and L. N. Borrell
Understanding the Link Between Discrimination, Mental Health Outcomes, and Life Chances Among Latinos
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, May 1, 2006; 28(2): 245 - 266.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Psychosom. Med.Home page
T. T. Lewis, S. A. Everson-Rose, L. H. Powell, K. A. Matthews, C. Brown, K. Karavolos, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, E. Jacobs, and D. Wesley
Chronic Exposure to Everyday Discrimination and Coronary Artery Calcification in African-American Women: The SWAN Heart Study
Psychosom Med, May 1, 2006; 68(3): 362 - 368.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AJPHHome page
G. C. Gee, J. Chen, M. S. Spencer, S. See, O. A. Kuester, D. Tran, and D. Takeuchi
Social Support as a Buffer for Perceived Unfair Treatment Among Filipino Americans: Differences Between San Francisco and Honolulu
Am J Public Health, April 1, 2006; 96(4): 677 - 684.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AJPHHome page
L. Ellison-Loschmann and N. Pearce
Improving Access to Health Care Among New Zealand's Maori Population
Am J Public Health, April 1, 2006; 96(4): 612 - 617.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am J Crit CareHome page
A. D. Banks and K. Dracup
Factors Associated With Prolonged Prehospital Delay of African Americans With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Am. J. Crit. Care., March 1, 2006; 15(2): 149 - 157.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Health PsycholHome page
R. Nairn, F. Pega, T. McCreanor, J. Rankine, and A. Barnes
Media, Racism and Public Health Psychology
J Health Psychol, March 1, 2006; 11(2): 183 - 196.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Biol Res NursHome page
M. Webb, J. Beckstead, J. Meininger, and S. Robinson
Stress management for African American women with elevated blood pressure: a pilot study.
Biol Res Nurs, January 1, 2006; 7(3): 187 - 196.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Psychosom. Med.Home page
A. Hernandez and N. Sachs-Ericsson
Ethnic Differences in Pain Reports and the Moderating Role of Depression in a Community Sample of Hispanic and Caucasian Participants With Serious Health Problems
Psychosom Med, January 1, 2006; 68(1): 121 - 128.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc SciHome page
D. R. Williams
The Health of U.S. Racial and Ethnic Populations
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, October 1, 2005; 60(Special_Issue_2): S53 - S62.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Journal of Black PsychologyHome page
L. D. Scott Jr. and L. E. House
Relationship of Distress and Perceived Control to Coping With Perceived Racial Discrimination Among Black Youth
Journal of Black Psychology, August 1, 2005; 31(3): 254 - 272.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 The Counseling PsychologistHome page
T. Bryant-Davis and C. Ocampo
Racist Incident-Based Trauma
The Counseling Psychologist, July 1, 2005; 33(4): 479 - 500.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Epidemiol. Community HealthHome page
N. Krieger
Embodiment: a conceptual glossary for epidemiology
J Epidemiol Community Health, May 1, 2005; 59(5): 350 - 355.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 AJPHHome page
Z. Wu and C. M. Schimmele
Racial/Ethnic Variation in Functional and Self-Reported Health
Am J Public Health, April 1, 2005; 95(4): 710 - 716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Health Aff (Millwood)Home page
D. R. Williams and P. B. Jackson
Social Sources Of Racial Disparities In Health
Health Aff., March 1, 2005; 24(2): 325 - 334.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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