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Denise B. Kandel, PhD, Gebre-Egziabher Kiros, PhD, Christine Schaffran, MA and Mei-Chen Hu, PhD

Denise B. Kandel is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, and the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY. At the time of the study, Gebre-Egziabher Kiros was with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health. Christine Schaffran is with the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Mei-Chen Hu is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Denise B. Kandel, PhD, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Dr, Unit 20, New York, NY 10032 (e-mail: dbk2{at}columbia.edu).

Objectives. We sought to identify individual and contextual predictors of adolescent smoking initiation and progression to daily smoking by race/ethnicity.

Methods. We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to estimate the effects of individual (adolescent, family, peer) and contextual (school and state) factors on smoking onset among nonsmokers (n = 5374) and progression to daily smoking among smokers (n = 4474) with multilevel regression models.

Results. Individual factors were more important predictors of smoking behaviors than were contextual factors. Predictors of smoking behaviors were mostly common across racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusions. The few identified racial/ethnic differences in predictors of smoking behavior suggest that universal prevention and intervention efforts could reach most adolescents regardless of race/ethnicity. With 2 exceptions, important contextual factors remain to be identified.

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