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© 2005 American Public Health Association
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.042150
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE |
Shannon N. Zenk is with the Program in Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Cancer Center, Chicago. Amy J. Schulz and Barbara A. Israel are with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Sherman A. James is with the Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC. Shuming Bao is with the China Data Center, University of Michigan. Mark L. Wilson is with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Shannon N. Zenk, PhD, University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd, M/C 275, Chicago, IL 60608 (e-mail: szenk{at}uic.edu).
Objectives. We evaluated the spatial accessibility of large "chain" supermarkets in relation to neighborhood racial composition and poverty.
Methods. We used a geographic information system to measure Manhattan block distance to the nearest supermarket for 869 neighborhoods (census tracts) in metropolitan Detroit. We constructed moving average spatial regression models to adjust for spatial autocorrelation and to test for the effect of modification of percentage African American and percentage poor on distance to the nearest supermarket.
Results. Distance to the nearest supermarket was similar among the least impoverished neighborhoods, regardless of racial composition. Among the most impoverished neighborhoods, however, neighborhoods in which African Americans resided were, on average, 1.1 miles further from the nearest supermarket than were White neighborhoods.
Conclusions. Racial residential segregation disproportionately places African Americans in more-impoverished neighborhoods in Detroit and consequently reduces access to supermarkets. However, supermarkets have opened or remained open close to middle-income neighborhoods that have transitioned from White to African American. Development of economically disadvantaged African American neighborhoods is critical to effectively prevent diet-related diseases among this population.
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