Ecological Approaches to Self-Management: The Case of Diabetes
Edwin B. Fisher, PhD,
Carol A. Brownson, MSPH,
Mary L. OToole, PhD,
Gowri Shetty, MS, MPH,
Victoria V. Anwuri, MPH and
Russell E. Glasgow, PhD
Edwin B. Fisher, Carol A. Brownson, Mary L. OToole, Gowri Shetty, and Victoria V. Anwuri are with the National Program Office of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Diabetes Initiative, Washington University, St Louis, Mo. Russell E. Glasgow is with the Kaiser Permanente Colorado Clinical Research Unit, Penrose, Colo.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Edwin B. Fisher, PhD, Washington University, Division of Health Behavior Research, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St Louis, MO 63108 (e-mail: efisher{at}im.wustl.edu).
In the Diabetes Initiative of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,an ecological perspective helped identify the following keyresources and supports for self-management (RSSM): individualizedassessment, collaborative goal setting, skills enhancement,follow-up and support, access to resources, and continuity ofquality clinical care. These RSSM reflect the grounding of diabetesself-management in the context of social and environmental influences.Research supports the value of each of these key resources andsupports. Differences among self-management interventions maybe seen as complementary, rather than conflicting, ways of providingRSSM. This way of understanding differences among interventionsmay aid development of varied programs to reach diverse audiences.In contrast to the "5 As" model of key provider services(Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist, and Arrange), RSSM articulateself-management from the perspective of individuals needs.Both approaches emphasize identification of goals, teachingof skills, and facilitation and reinforcement of the use ofthose skills.
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