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Samuel Noh, PhD, Violet Kaspar, PhD and K.A.S. Wickrama, PhD

Samuel Noh is with the Culture, Community and Health Studies Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, and the Social Equity and Health Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto. Violet Kaspar is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and the Social Equity and Health Research Section of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto. K. A. S. Wickrama is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr Samuel Noh, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, Suite 625, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada (e-mail: samuel_noh{at}camh.net).

Objectives. We examined differential effects of overt and subtle forms of racial discrimination on 2 dimensions of mental health—positive affect and depressive symptoms, and explored the mediating roles of emotional arousal and cognitive appraisal.

Methods. Cross-sectional survey data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a sample (N=180) of adult Korean immigrants living in Toronto, Ontario. Maximum likelihood estimates of path coefficients were obtained using structural equation models.

Results. Perceived racial discrimination was associated with both the erosion of positive affect and depressive symptoms. Overt discrimination was associated with the erosion of positive affect, and subtle discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms. Effects of subtle discrimination on depressive symptoms were mediated through cognitive appraisal.

Conclusions. The results emphasize the salience of subtle discrimination for the mental health of Asian immigrants. Experiences of overt racial bias seemed to be of little importance for the levels of depressive symptoms among those in our sample, although the experience of blatant discrimination tended to reduce positive mood.

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