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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Emergency Department Analgesic Prescription

Joshua H. Tamayo-Sarver, PhD, Susan W. Hinze, PhD, Rita K. Cydulka, MD, MS and David W. Baker, MD, MPH

Joshua H. Tamayo-Sarver is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Susan W. Hinze is with the Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University. Rita K. Cydulka is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. David W. Baker is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois.



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  		FIGURE 1—— Adjusted proportions of patients who received an opioid analgesic, for all patients in National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey combined and for those presenting with migraine, back pain, and long bone fracture.

Note. Whites = black bar; Blacks = dark gray bar; Latinos = light gray bar. All logistic regressions adjust for the covariates of socioeconomic status (SES)/demographics (assessed by sex, age, and method of payment), severity (assessed by triage assignment and pain assessment), visit characteristics (assessed by mode of arrival and discharge status), and hospital characteristics (assessed by hospital ownership, region, urban vs rural, and year of visit).
a A conditional logistic or fixed effects logistic regression was done for the entire population; therefore, the estimates are based on comparisons being made only among patients with the same 3 diagnoses by ICD-9 codes.

 




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