Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cigarette Smoking Initiation and Progression to Daily Smoking: A Multilevel Analysis
Denise B. Kandel, PhD,
Gebre-Egziabher Kiros, PhD,
Christine Schaffran, MA and
Mei-Chen Hu, PhD
Denise B. Kandel is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, and the Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY. At the time of the study, Gebre-Egziabher Kiros was with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health. Christine Schaffran is with the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Mei-Chen Hu is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health.