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Long-Term Ethylene Oxide Exposure Trends in US Hospitals: Relationship With OSHA Regulatory and Enforcement Actions

Anthony D. LaMontagne, ScD, MA, MEd, J. Michael Oakes, PhD and Ruth N. Lopez Turley, PhD

Anthony D. LaMontagne is with the Centre for the Study of Health and Society, Department of Public Health, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. J. Michael Oakes is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Ruth N. Lopez Turley is with the Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.



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  		FIGURE 1—— Number of worker-level samples collected and number of hospitals conducting monitoring over time.

Note. Workshift = 8 hours; short-term = 15 minutes.

 




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  		FIGURE 2—— Hospitals exceeding Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ethylene oxide (EtO) exposure limits in relation to OSHA regulatory pressure: (a) observed percentages of hospitals exceeding OSHA EtO limits, by year; (b) random effects regression–predicted numbers of hospitals exceeding OSHA EtO limits, by year; (c) OSHA EtO regulatory enforcement activity, by year (number of inspections in which EtO standard was cited in hospitals, number of citations, and proposed penalties by year from OSHA’s Integrated Management Information System).

Note. PEL = permissible exposure limit of 1 ppm time-weighted average over an 8-hour workshift; AL = action limit of 0.5 ppm time-weighted average over an 8-hour workshift; STEL = short-term excursion limit of 5 ppm time-weighted average over 15 minutes.

 




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