Latino Populations: A Unique Opportunity for the Study of Race, Genetics, and Social Environment in Epidemiological Research
Esteban González Burchard, MD,
Luisa N. Borrell, DDS, PhD,
Shweta Choudhry, PhD,
Mariam Naqvi, BS,
Hui-Ju Tsai, PhD,
Jose R. Rodriguez-Santana, MD,
Rocio Chapela, MD,
Scott D. Rogers, MPH,
Rui Mei, PhD,
William Rodriguez-Cintron, MD,
Jose F. Arena, MD, PhD,
Rick Kittles, PhD,
Eliseo J. Perez-Stable, MD,
Elad Ziv, MD and
Neil Risch, PhD
Esteban González Burchard is with the Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco. González Burchard, Shweta Choudhry, Mariam Naqvi, Hui-Ju Tsai, Elad Ziv, and Neil Risch are with the Center for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco. González Burchard, Eliseo Perez-Stable, and Ziv are also with the Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, University of California, San Francisco. Luisa N. Borrell is with the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health and School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY. Jose R. Rodriguez-Santana is with the Pediatric Pulmonary Program of San Juan, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Rocio Chapela is with the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico. Scott D. Rogers and Jose F. Arena are with the Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. Rui Mei is with Affymetrix, Inc, Santa Clara, Calif. William Rodriguez-Cintron is with the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan. Rick Kittles is with Human Cancer Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus. Neil Risch, is with the Department of Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, and the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, Calif.
FIGURE 1——Individual ancestry (IA) estimates for 96 healthy Puerto Ricans, clustered by admixture levels.
Note. For each individual, genotype data for 116 204 single nucleotide polymorphisms were collected by use of Affymetrix 100K GeneChip array. The genotype data were then used to estimate IA by a modified maximum likelihood approach.22
FIGURE 2——Group ancestry estimates for Mexicans with asthma, by birth site and country of residence.
Note. The group ancestry for cases for each clinic was estimated by use of 44 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and the program ADMIX.PAS (kindly provided by Jeffrey C. Long, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School), which implements a weighted least squares method.22
FIGURE 3——Group ancestry estimates for Puerto Ricans with asthma, by clinical recruitment site.
Note. The group ancestry for cases for each clinical recruitment site was estimated by use of 44 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and the program ADMIX.PAS.
