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Stillbirths in the United States, 1981–2000: An Age, Period, and Cohort Analysis

Cande V. Ananth, PhD, MPH, Shiliang Liu, PhD, MB, Wendy L. Kinzler, MD and Michael S. Kramer, MD

Cande V. Ananth is with the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick. Shiliang Liu is with the Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Center of Healthy Human Development, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Wendy L. Kinzler is with the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick. Michael S. Kramer is with the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, and the Institute of Human Development and Child and Youth Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ottawa.



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  		FIGURE 1—— Adjusted maternal age-specific trends in rates of stillbirth at 20 or more weeks of gestation (per 1000 births), by period, for (a) Black and (b) White women in the United States, 1981 to 2000.

Note. Rates were adjusted for maternal birth cohort, gravidity, maternal education, marital status, and prenatal care.

 


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  		FIGURE 2—— Adjusted maternal age-specific trends in rates of stillbirth at 20 or more weeks of gestation (per 1000 births), by birth cohort for (a) Black and (b) White women in the United States, 1981 to 2000.

Note. Rates were adjusted for period of delivery, gravidity, maternal education, marital status, and prenatal care.

 


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  		FIGURE 3—— Adjusted odds ratios of stillbirths in relation to (a) maternal age, (b) period of delivery, and (c) maternal birth cohort: Black and White women in the United States, 1981 to 2000.

Note. Odds ratios were adjusted for gravidity, maternal education, marital status, and prenatal care. The reference categories were 25 to 29 years for maternal age, 1996 to 2000 for period, and 1953 for central birth cohort.

 




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