A Societal Outcomes Map for Health Research and Policy
Michele S. Garfinkel, PhD,
Daniel Sarewitz, PhD and
Alan L. Porter, PhD
At the time this research was completed, Michele S. Garfinkel was with the Center (now Consortium) for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Tempe, Ariz. Daniel Sarewitz is with the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes and the School of Life Sciences and Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe. Alan L. Porter is with the Technology Policy and Assessment Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, and Search Technology, Inc, Norcross, Ga.
FIGURE 1——High-level societal health outcomes and inputs.
Note. QALY = quality-adjusted life-years; ???|=|inputs that are not yet defined. General desired societal health outcomes are identified (see text for details). Inputs to perinatal health include, but are not limited to, healthy in utero development and a healthy birthweight. Stippled shading indicates the highest-level health outcome (increase in Health QALY). Shaded boxes (nodes) indicate inputs. Heavy boxes indicate outcomes. Some boxes are both inputs and outcomes.
FIGURE 2——Outcomes and inputs specific to perinatal health.
Note. WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; PHS = Public Health Service; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; NIH = National Institutes of Health; PHPPO = Public Health Practice Program Office; AAP = American Academy of Pediatrics; ACOG = American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Perinatal health is one of an array of desired societal outcomes as well as an input into the highest level outcome, "health" (defined here as quality-adjusted life-years; other standards could be chosen) (see text for details). This represents only a small portion of the full road map; in an extended version, there is, for example, a pathway that focuses on "government (non-PHS)" inputs alongside the "government (PHS)" input box shown here. Shaded boxes (nodes) indicate inputs. Heavy boxes indicate outcomes. Some boxes are both inputs and outcomes.
