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AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print May 30, 2007
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Overt and Subtle Racial Discrimination and Mental Health: Preliminary Findings for Korean Immigrants

Samuel Noh, PhD, Violet Kaspar, PhD and K.A.S. Wickrama, PhD

Samuel Noh is with the Culture, Community and Health Studies Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, and the Social Equity and Health Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto. Violet Kaspar is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and the Social Equity and Health Research Section of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto. K. A. S. Wickrama is with the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1—— Measurement model of perceived discrimination: adult Korean immigrants in Toronto, Ontario, 1997.

Note. Down arrows indicate causation; curved lines indicate correlations. Up arrows indicate measurement error. {chi}2 = 19.16 (P = .32); root mean squared error of approximation = 0.031; goodness-of-fit index = .97.

 

Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2—— Measurement model of emotional arousal and cognitive appraisal: adult Korean immigrants in Toronto, Ontario, 1997.

Note. Down arrows indicate causation; curved lines between factors and variables indicate correlations. Up arrows indicate measurement error. {chi}2 = 11.21 (P = .43); root mean squared error of approximation = 0.00; adjusted goodness-of-fit index = .96.

 

Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3—— Maximum likelihood estimates of standardized coefficients of factor loadings and structural associations among perceived discrimination and mental health: adult Korean immigrants in Toronto, Ontario, 1997.
Note. Straight lines indicate significant associations; curved lines indicate significant correlations; dotted lines indicate no significant associations. {chi}2 = 48.73 (P = .02); root mean squared error of approximation = 0.05; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = .95; adjusted GFI = .91.

 

Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4—— Maximum likelihood estimates of standardized coefficients of factor loadings and structural associations among perceived discrimination, emotion, cognitive appraisal, and mental health: adult Korean immigrants in Toronto, Ontario, 1997.

Note. Thin arrows indicate factor loadings; curved lines indicate significant correlations; thick lines show significant structural associations; dotted lines show nonsignifcant structural associations. T-test values are in parentheses. {chi}2 = 43.09 (P = .09); root mean squared error of approximation = 0.04; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = .95; adjusted GFI = 0.92.

 




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