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© 2003 American Public Health Association
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE |
Uma R. Kotagal, Pamela J. Schoettker, and Harry D. Atherton are with the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Policy and Clinical Effectiveness, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Uma R. Kotagal is also with the Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Uma R. Kotagal and Richard W. Hornung are with the Institute of Health Policy and Health Services Research, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Uma R. Kotagal, MSc, MBBS, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 (e-mail: kotk9j{at}chmcc.org).
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INTRODUCTION |
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 TOP INTRODUCTION METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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In response to growing complaints and safety concerns,1–4 most states and the federal government have now enacted legislation to guarantee a more reasonable postpartum length of stay.5 The Ohio law required health maintenance organizations, health insurers, public employers, and the state’s Medicaid program to provide a minimum of 48 hours of inpatient care following a normal vaginal delivery and a minimum of 96 hours of inpatient care following a cesarean delivery. This study examined, in a single region in southwestern Ohio, whether the state legislative mandate was applied in a manner that equally affected decisions made for Medicaid and commercially insured infants and their families.
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METHODS |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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The study population consisted of 30 035 healthy, full-term, single-birth infants born in 1 of 10 hospitals in southwestern Ohio between April 1, 1996, and December 31, 1998, and discharged to home. Patients were stratified by insurance type; 25 747 had commercial insurance, and 4288 had Medicaid coverage. Self-pay patients were excluded.
Changes over time in the proportions of newborns with a "short-stay" delivery were examined for commercially insured infants and those with Medicaid coverage by reviewing a regional database of hospital discharge information. Short stay was defined as discharge within 1 day following a vaginal delivery or 2 days following a cesarean delivery.6
Three time periods were analyzed to examine the effect of the legislation: (1) the baseline period (April 1, 1996, to July 18, 1996) immediately before the law was signed by the governor, (2) the immediate postlegislative period (July 19, 1996, to October 17, 1997) between the signing of the law and 1 year after the law went into effect, and (3) the late postlegislative period (October 18, 1997, to December 31, 1998).
The association between length of stay and insurance status was tested with 
2 tests of proportions and multivariate logistic regression models.7 Each of the 3 periods was modeled separately. The dependent variable in these analyses was a binary variable indicating whether the patient had a short stay. To determine differences in time trend between discharge practices for Medicaid and those for commercial insurance, a variable for interaction between insurance status and the time variable was included in the logistic regression model. Odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks are reported. All statistical analyses were performed with PC-SAS software (Release 8.1; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC).
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RESULTS |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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Figure 1
shows the changing trend in short stays for newborns over the course of the study. Before the law was signed by the governor, the probability of having a short stay (Table 1) was not significantly different for patients with Medicaid and patients with commercial insurance. In addition, the trends over time during this period were not statistically significant for either group.
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During the immediate postlegislative period, the odds of a short stay decreased 85% (an average of 11.7% per month) for commercially insured newborns but only 70% (an average of 7.6% per month) for newborns with Medicaid. The odds ratio trend comparing Medicaid short stay with commercial short stay was statistically significant over the 15 months (OR = 1.974; confidence limits = 1.019, 1.074). The relative risk of having a short stay among Medicaid patients, relative to commercially insured patients, increased from 1.06 to 1.67 from the beginning to the end of this period.
The proportion of newborns discharged following a short stay stabilized during the late postlegislative period. The time trends during this period were not statistically significant for either group. However, the difference between the groups in the proportion of infants discharged following a short stay was significant. Thus, Medicaid patients during this period had a 44% greater probability of having a short stay as commercially insured patients.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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The effect of the law guaranteeing a minimum newborn length of stay varied for commercially insured and Medicaid infants in this region of southwestern Ohio. In the immediate postlegislative period, newborns with Medicaid coverage were significantly more likely to be discharged early than were those with commercial insurance. As late as 2 years after the law went into effect, Medicaid patients still had twice the odds of being discharged early.
It is unclear whether the Medicaid mothers left early, unaware of the legislative mandate allowing them to remain longer, or whether the commercially insured mothers, being more educated, were better positioned to take advantage of the new legislation. Breastfeeding rates traditionally have been low in the Medicaid population,8–11 and physicians may have felt more comfortable with early discharge for mothers who did not intend to breastfeed. Also, the establishment of early discharge programs linked with aggressive home visit support for Medicaid patients in this region before passage of the state legislation12 may have prompted application of the law in a more tailored approach. Our study was limited to a single geographic region. Whether the outcomes reported are related to local environmental and practice factors or can be generalized to other states where similar legislation has been enacted remains to be seen.
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Acknowledgments |
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Human Participant Protection
The institutional review board of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center determined that informed consent was not required for this study.
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Footnotes |
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U. R. Kotagal made substantial contributions to the study conception and design, the acquisition of the data, the analysis and interpretation of the data, the drafting of the brief, the critical revision of the brief, and supervision and provided statistical expertise. P. J. Schoettker made substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation of the data, the drafting of the brief, the critical revision of the brief, and supervision. H. D. Atherton and R. W. Hornung made substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation of the data and provided statistical expertise.
Accepted for publication July 2, 2002.
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References |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONReferences |
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1. Catz C, Hanson KW, Simpson L, Yaffe SJ. Summary of workshop: early discharge and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics.1995;96:743–745.
2. Maisels MJ, Newborn TB. Kernicterus in otherwise healthy breast-fed term newborns. Pediatrics.1995;96:730–733.
3. Seidman DS, Stevenson DK, Ergaz Z, Gale R. Hospital readmission due to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics.1995;96:727–729.
4. Cooper WO, Atherton HD, Kahana M, Kotagal UR. Increased incidence of severe breastfeeding malnutrition and hypernatremia in a metropolitan area. Pediatrics.1995;96:957–960.
5. Declercq E, Simmes D. The politics of "drive-through deliveries": putting early postpartum discharge on the legislative agenda. Milbank Q.1997;75:175–202.[Web of Science][Medline]
6. Kotagal UR, Atherton HD, Eshett R, Schoettker PJ, Perlstein PH. Safety of early discharge for Medicaid newborns. JAMA.1999;282:1150–1156.
7. Col NF, McLaughlin TJ, Soumerai SB, et al. The impact of clinical trials on the use of medications for acute myocardial infarction: results of a community-based study. Arch Intern Med.1996;156:54–60.
8. Kramer MS. Poverty, WIC, and promotion of breast-feeding. Pediatrics.1991;87:399–400.
9. Ryan AS, Rush D, Krieger FW, Lewandowski GE. Recent declines in breast-feeding in the United States, 1984 through 1989. Pediatrics.1991;88:719–727.
10. Beck LF, Morrow B, Lipscomb LE, et al. Prevalence of selected maternal behaviors and experiences, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1999. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2002;51:1–27.[Medline]
11. Colley Gilbert BJ, Johnson CH, Morrow B, Gaffield ME, Ahluwalia I. Prevalence of selected maternal and infant characteristics, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1997. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ.1999;48:1–37.[Medline]
12. Cooper WO, Kotagal UR, Atherton HD, et al. Use of health care services by inner-city infants in an early discharge program. Pediatrics.1996;98:686–691.
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