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June 2003, Vol 93, No. 6 | American Journal of Public Health 917-919
© 2003 American Public Health Association

RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

HIV- and AIDS-Related Knowledge, Awareness, and Practices in Madagascar

Nicole M. Lanouette, BA, Rivo Noelson, DU, Andriamahenina Ramamonjisoa, DEM, Sheldon Jacobson, MD and Jeffrey M. Jacobson, MD

Nicole M. Lanouette is with Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY. Rivo Noelson is with the University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Andriamahenina Ramamonjisoa is with the HIV/AIDS National Reference Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Jeffrey M. Jacobson is with the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. Sheldon Jacobson is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Nicole M. Lanouette, BA, 50 E 98th St, No. 14-I, New York, NY 10029 (e-mail: nicole.lanouette{at}mssm.edu).


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
The prevalence of HIV in Madagascar has been slowly rising in the past decade but in 1999 was still less than 0.5%.1 Although this rate is low compared with the rates in many other countries, including the United States (0.61%) and especially sub-Saharan African nations such as Zimbabwe (25%) and South Africa (20%),1 the risk factors for an epidemic are present. High rates of syphilis,2 hepatitis B virus,3 and other sexually transmitted diseases, as well as extreme poverty,4 suggest that many of Madagascar’s 14 million people are at risk for acquiring HIV. The AIDS Impact Model projected that HIV seroprevalence could reach 15% by 2015 if Madagascar follows the epidemic trend of countries like Kenya.5

We sought to determine directly whether high-risk behaviors that might lead to rising infection rates were present in this population. The aims of this study were to (1) determine a baseline level of public awareness and knowledge about HIV and AIDS and (2) ascertain the HIV and AIDS risk–related behaviors of a segment of the general population in the capital city, Antananarivo.


   METHODS
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
During July and August 2000, we conducted 134 interviews with patients and visitors in the 2 teaching hospitals of the University of Antananarivo School of Medicine. All interviews used a 3-part, 41-item questionnaire eliciting information about demographics and previous sources of HIV and AIDS knowledge, an assessment of this knowledge, and a detailed personal history of HIV and AIDS risk–related behaviors.

The questionnaire, written in French, was translated for patients who spoke only Malagasy. The same American medical student and at least 1 Malagasy medical student or resident conducted each interview. Patients and visitors were eligible for participation if they were 18 years of age or older and could ambulate to a private room. We performed frequency calculations, t tests, analysis of variance tests, and Spearman rank correlation tests with SPSS, Version 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).


   RESULTS
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
Demographics
One hundred thirty-six people participated in the informed consent process, after which 2 people declined to participate and 2 other participants completed only the demographics and HIV and AIDS knowledge sections. Of the 134 participants, 71 (53%) were women. The participants’ median age was 33.5 years; 90 (67%) had completed high school. Ninety (67%) were married, and 32 (24%) lived in rural areas. Every participant had previously received HIV and AIDS information, most commonly from radio (118, 88%), but only 23 (17%) had received it from a health care provider.

HIV and AIDS Knowledge
One hundred twenty-four (93%) participants correctly identified having unprotected vaginal sex with a person who has HIV or AIDS and receiving an unscreened transfusion from someone with HIV or AIDS as high risk (Table 1Go). However, 91 (68%) did not know that vaginal sex with a properly used condom is low risk. Forty-one (31%) identified kissing someone on the cheek, a common greeting in Madagascar’s central highlands, as carrying some risk. Most participants believed that intimate kisses, mosquitoes, and sneezes could transmit HIV and AIDS.


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  		TABLE 1—— Responses to HIV and AIDS Risk Assessment Test (N = 134)
 
Personal History
One hundred thirty-two participants completed the personal history section (Table 2Go). Of the 21 (16%) who had had more than 1 sexual partner in the last 6 months, only 3 (14%) had had more than 2 partners. However, only 2 (10%) reported the consistent use of condoms. Twenty-three participants, all men (37% of the men), reported having previously paid for sex.


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  		TABLE 2—— Personal Behavior Survey Results (N = 132)
 
HIV Knowledge and Demographic Correlations
Education level was not associated with the number of questions answered correctly on the risk assessment test (P = .350), but age correlated significantly with test scores, with younger participants performing better (r = -0.264, P = .002). No significant difference was found in the mean test scores of men and women (P = .350) or of participants from rural or urban areas (P = .723). There was a trend toward better scores in participants who had previously spoken with health care workers about HIV or AIDS (P = .071).


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
STUDY LIMITATIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
The data from the HIV knowledge assessment suggest that HIV and AIDS awareness is high in Antananarivo, but knowledge of how HIV and AIDS cannot be transmitted and the use of condoms in prevention are limited. Understanding how HIV is not transmitted is important for preventing stigma against individuals with HIV and AIDS.6 Fear of stigma is known to deter citizens from being tested for HIV,7,8 an important opportunity for HIV and AIDS prevention counseling.9

The rate of multiple partnering among Malagasy men in this study was similar to World Health Organization reported rates in Uganda, Kenya, and Zimbabwe, whereas reported condom use rates in this study were much lower than the rates in these subSaharan African nations.1

The 2 potential protective factors found in this study were minimal travel to mainland Africa and the lower reported number of sexual partners for persons with multiple partners.


   STUDY LIMITATIONS
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
In this hospital-based survey, sexual activity could have been less than participants would normally report because of personal or family illness. Although every effort was made to make participants feel comfortable, rates of same-sex sexual relations and multiple partnering could have been underreported because of sensitivity and social stigma.

Antananarivo is not representative of all of Madagascar, as indicated by higher education levels—67% of the study participants had completed high school in a country where 12% start high school6—and by higher rural hepatitis B virus prevalence.3


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
References
 
In this initial survey of the HIV and AIDS awareness, knowledge, and related behavior in Antananarivo, Madagascar, we observed that HIV and AIDS awareness is high, but knowledge about transmission is incomplete. High rates of multiple partnering and low condom use rates among people with multiple partners suggest that Madagascar is at risk for an epidemic. Intervention by health care workers, the Malagasy government, and nongovernmental organizations is warranted to prevent the disastrously high AIDS rates seen in Madagascar’s neighbors. A larger study that pairs HIV- and AIDSrelated knowledge and behavior surveying with HIV testing and includes participants from other parts of the country is needed to confirm these findings and to develop specific and effective surveillance and prevention programs.


   Acknowledgments
 
This project was solely funded by a Patricia S. Levinson Fellowship through the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

These data were previously presented in a poster presentation at the International Health Medical Education Consortium’s February 2001 conference in San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

The authors would like to thank the Malagasy medical student association REMEDE for its essential translating aid and Karen Hamilton and Ilene Wilets for their academic support. We also thank the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Antananarivo and Patricia S. Levinson for their support of this project.

Human Participant Protection

This study, questionnaire, and consent forms were approved by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review Board and by the president of CHUA Hopital Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona and the Laboratoire National de Reference VIH/SIDA prior to the start of the study.


   Footnotes
 
Contributors

N. M. Lanouette designed the study, conducted the interviews, analyzed the data, and wrote the brief. R. Noelson assisted with design of the questionnaire, coconducted many of the interviews, and contributed to the writing of the brief. A. Ramamonjisoa assisted with study design, particularly the questionnaire, and with the writing of the brief. J. M. Jacobson and S. Jacobson contributed to and supervised the study design, data analysis, and writing of the brief.

Peer Reviewed

Accepted for publication March 6, 2002.


   References
TOP
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
1. UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/epidemic_update/report/index.html. Accessed June 2000.

2. Behets FM, Andriamahenina R, Andriamiadana J, May JF, Rasamindrakotroka A. High syphilis and low but rising HIV seroprevalence rates in Madagascar. Lancet. 1996;347(9004):831.[Web of Science][Medline]

3. Boisier P, Rabarijaona L, Piollet M, Roux JF, Zeller HG. Hepatitis B virus infection in general population in Madagascar: evidence for different epidemiological patterns in urban and in rural areas. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;117:133–137.[Medline]

4. USAID Congressional Presentation, Fiscal Year 1999. USAID; 1999. Available at: http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cp99. Accessed June 2000.

5. Andriamahenina R, Ravelojaona B, Rarivoharilala E, et al. AIDS in Madagascar, I: epidemiology, projections, socioeconomic impact, interventions. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1998;91:68–70.[Medline]

6. Lentine DA, Hersey JC, Iannacchione VG, Laird GH, McClamroch K, Thalji L. HIV-related knowledge and stigma. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(47):1062–1064.[Medline]

7. Chesney M, Smith A. Critical delays in HIV testing and care: the potential role of stigma. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42:1162–1174.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

8. Herek G. AIDS and stigma. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42:1106–1116.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Weinhardt LS, Carey MP, Johnson BT, Bickham NL. Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985–1997. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1397–1405.[Abstract/Free Full Text]





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