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© 2003 American Public Health Association
FIELD ACTION REPORT |
Catherine E. Staunton is with the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Deb Hubsmith and Wendi Kallins are with Safe Routes to School, Marin County, Calif.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Catherine E. Staunton, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop K-30, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717 (e-mail: cstaunton{at}cdc.gov).
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONTHE PROGRAMEVALUATIONDISCUSSIONNEXT STEPSKEY FINDINGSReferences |
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Walking and biking to school can be an important part of a healthy lifestyle, yet most US children do not start their day with these activities.
The Safe Routes to School Program in Marin County, California, is working to promote walking and biking to school. Using a multipronged approach, the program identifies and creates safe routes to schools and invites communitywide involvement. By its second year, the program was serving 4665 students in 15 schools.
Participating public schools reported an increase in school trips made by walking (64%), biking (114%), and carpooling (91%) and a decrease in trips by private vehicles carrying only one student (39%).
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTHE PROGRAMEVALUATIONDISCUSSIONNEXT STEPSKEY FINDINGSReferences |
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WALKING AND BIKING TO school provide a convenient opportunity to incorporate physical activity into a child’s daily routine, yet only about 1 US child in 9 starts the day by walking or biking to school. About one third of children take a bus to school and half are driven in a private vehicle.1 Increasing the proportion of children walking and biking to school are 2 of the national health objectives for 2010.2
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THE PROGRAM |
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Marin County is a middle- and upper-class community on the California coast just north of San Francisco. Its population of 247 707 includes about 35 000 school-aged children.3 In 1999, 2 local residents began working to increase the number of Marin County children walking and biking to school and to decrease the number of school trips made by private vehicles. By 2000, the Marin County Safe Routes to School Program, initially funded by a grant from the Marin Community Foundation, had been established. In August 2000, the program received a $50 000 grant from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. During the 2000–2001 school year, the program served about 3500 students in 9 schools (7 public and 2 private); by the 2001–2002 school year, 4665 students in 15 schools (12 public and 3 private) were enrolled; in the 2002–2003 school year, 7609 students in 21 schools (17 public and 4 private) are participating. Enrolled schools include elementary and middle schools.
The program has only 4 paid staff. One of the 2 founding members is the program director, and the other works several hours a week supervising and promoting the program. A full-time educator is employed to develop the program’s school curriculum and oversee classroom education. A traffic engineer assists in identifying and creating safe routes for participating students. A private consulting firm, hired during the second year, oversees and evaluates the program. The Marin County Safe Routes to School Program relies heavily on parent, teacher, and community volunteers to carry out its broad range of activities (Table 1
). The program requires each school to identify a volunteer team leader prior to enrolling.
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During the first 2 years of the program, modes of school transportation were determined by student surveys. For 3 consecutive days in the fall, prior to the start of the program, and then again in the spring, prior to the end of school, volunteers visited classrooms and, using a show of hands, asked children to indicate the transportation mode they used in traveling to school that morning. Results from the 3 days were averaged. Because the survey relied on inexperienced volunteers, results were often incomplete; some schools did not conduct the surveys at all and other schools did not survey all classrooms. Six of 9 schools participated in the fall 2000 and spring 2001 surveys. Seven of 15 schools participated in the fall 2001 and spring 2002 surveys.
By spring 2002, more than $1 million in additional funding had been received, including donations from local foundations, local businesses, and grants from the Marin Community Foundation, Marin County, the City of San Rafael, and the California Departments of State Services and Transportation. Funding for the 2002–2003 school year is expected to exceed $2 million. Much of this funding is earmarked for infrastructure changes (Table 1
) to decrease the traffic danger faced by students walking and biking.
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EVALUATION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTHE PROGRAMEVALUATIONDISCUSSIONNEXT STEPSKEY FINDINGSReferences |
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The student transportation surveys (Figure 1
) reveal an increase in walking, biking, and carpooling in the participating public schools during the first 2 years of the Marin County Safe Routes to School Program. From fall 2000 to spring 2002, there was a 64% increase in the number of children walking, a 114% increase in the number of students biking, a 91% increase in the number of students carpooling, and a 39% decrease in the number of children arriving by private car carrying only one student.
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include 6 schools for the first school year and 7 for the second school year. Only 2 schools participated in surveys both years. Analysis restricted to these 2 schools produced results similar to those in Figure 1 (data not shown). School bus trips are not shown because only 2 schools offered bus transportation. Of the 3 private schools, data were collected in only 2 of the schools and only during the second year of the program. These 2 private schools, with a total of 401 students (data not included in Figure 1) drawn from larger geographic areas than in the public schools, recorded only modest increases in walking (1%) and carpooling (5%) and small decreases in biking (-1%) and "drive alone" transport (-4%). As discussed below, improved and expanded program evaluation is planned. |
DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTHE PROGRAMEVALUATIONDISCUSSIONNEXT STEPSKEY FINDINGSReferences |
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The Marin County Safe Routes to School Program provides a successful model for promoting safe walking and biking to school. Decreased rates of walking and carpooling and increased rates of "drive alone" in fall 2001 may be secondary to the addition of new schools, lack of program activities over the summer, or both. The program is making an important difference to participating communities by enhancing health, reducing traffic congestion, and helping build a greater sense of community. Although barriers to walking and biking to school, such as distance, traffic danger, crime, and the availability of volunteers, will vary by community, many aspects of this program will be useful to other interested communities.4 Efforts to create safe and accessible routes for children to walk and bike to school can facilitate safe walking and biking for people of all ages.
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NEXT STEPS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTHE PROGRAMEVALUATIONDISCUSSIONNEXT STEPSKEY FINDINGSReferences |
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The program, now in its third year, has maintained its base curriculum while planning an expansion to recruit more schools, including high schools. Future goals include expanding and perfecting data collection and analysis by using professional statisticians. Further analysis could include evaluating the effectiveness of the individual program activities, analyzing transportation modes by travel distance, assessing health outcomes such as improved physical fitness, having closer surveillance for travel-related injuries, measuring changes in traffic congestion, and using comparison communities.
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KEY FINDINGS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTHE PROGRAMEVALUATIONDISCUSSIONNEXT STEPSKEY FINDINGSReferences |
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- Marin County’s Safe Routes to School Program has been successful in promoting walking and biking to school.
- Much of the program’s success can be attributed to the contributions made by parents, teaches, and community volunteers.
- This community-based program also led to an increased rate of carpooling to school and a substantial drop in the use of private vehicles for transporting students to school.
Resources
- Marin County Safe Routes to School. Available at: http://www.saferoutestoschools.org/.
- "Kids Walk-to-School" Program. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/kidswalk/resources.htm.
- Walk to School Day USA. Available at: http://www.walktoschool-usa.org.
- International Walk to School Day. Available at: http://www.iwalktoschool.org.
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/ped/saferouteshtml/toc.html.
- National SAFE KIDS Campaign. Available at: http://www.safekids.org/tier3_cd.cfm?folder_id=183&content_item_id=3410.
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Acknowledgments |
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While writing this article, Catherine Staunton was supported by funds from the CDC/Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education fellowship program. Some information for this article was provided by the Marin County Safe Routes to School Program Evaluation (August 2002) produced by Nelson/Nygaard Consulting Associates, with principal authors Bonnie Nelson and Ezra Joseph Catten.
We also thank Andrew Dannnenberg, Jairam Lingappa, and Elizabeth Fortenberry for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable suggestions.
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Footnotes |
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Contributors
C. E. Staunton reviewed the study design, research methods, and data analysis and then wrote the report. D. Hubsmith and W. Kallins, who founded and continue to run the Marin County Safe Routes to School Program, were central in collecting and analyzing the data presented in the report and also reviewed the report.
Accepted for publication May 21, 2003.
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References |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTHE PROGRAMEVALUATIONDISCUSSIONNEXT STEPSKEY FINDINGSReferences |
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1. Our Nation’s Travel: 1995 NPTS Early Result Report. Washington, DC: US Dept of Transportation; 1997. Publication FHWA-PL-97-028.
2. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2001.
3. US Census Bureau. State and county quick facts. July 2001. Available at: http://quickfacts.census.gov/. Accessed January 7, 2003.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Barriers to walking and biking to school—United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51:701–704.[Medline]
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