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AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print Jul 7, 2005
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August 2005, Vol 95, No. 8 | American Journal of Public Health 1338-1339
© 2005 American Public Health Association
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056945

RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment for Prevention and Treatment of Caries in an Underserved Community

Naty Lopez, PhD, MEd, BSN, Sara Simpser-Rafalin, DMD and Peter Berthold, PhD, DMD

The authors are with the Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences/WHO Collaborating Center for Oral Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia.

Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Naty Lopez, PhD, MEd, BSN, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 S 40 St, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030 (e-mail: lopeznb{at}pobox.upenn.edu).


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 

We evaluated the acceptability and effectiveness of atraumatic restorative treatment to prevent and treat caries in an underserved community in Mexico. We placed 370 restorations and 193 sealants in 118 children aged 5 to 18; 85% reported no pain, and 93% were comfortable with their restorations. We then evaluated the children 1 and 2 years later. At 2-year evaluation, 66% of restorations and 35% of sealants were retained. Atraumatic restorative treatment is acceptable and effective to control and prevent decay in a socioeconomically deprived community.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
Dental caries is the most widely spread oral disease in the world, yet it tends to go untreated in underserved communities in both developing and industrialized countries. These underserved populations mainly receive extractions when they seek dental care; they do not receive fillings for cavities when they are able to see a dentist.1,2 The World Health Organization actively promotes atraumatic restorative treatment as a viable approach to meet the need for treatment of dental caries.

Atraumatic restorative treatment uses manual excavation of dental caries, which eliminates the need for anesthesia and use of expensive equipment, and restores the cavity with glass ionomer, an adhesive material that bonds to the tooth structure and releases fluoride as it stimulates remineralization. Atraumatic restorative treatment is noninvasive, making it highly acceptable to patients.

Studies conducted in several countries showed high survival rates of atraumatic restorative treatment one-surface restorations,3–6 even in comparison with amalgam restorations.7 Median survival time of atraumatic restorative treatment is 5 years compared with 7 years for conventional amalgam restorations.8 The cost-effectiveness of atraumatic restorative treatment also has been established,8–10 considering costs of equipment, materials, and wages. Atraumatic restorative treatment is currently used in 25 countries and is part of regular training programs for oral personnel in at least 3 countries.11


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
The study was conducted in Santiago-Toxie, a small community 50 miles northwest of Mexico City, Mexico, that has limited access to medical and dental care. A team of dentists and dental students from 2 dental schools and the Ministry of Health visited the community after obtaining permission from the village elders through the help of a religious order. Parents of 118 children aged 5 to 18 (mean = 10.6 years) gave their consent. Treatment followed the World Health Organization protocol and was approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board. Universal infection control measures were used throughout the treatment.

Selected teeth for atraumatic restorative treatment technique were prepared by removing decay with hand instruments; conditioned following the manufacturer’s instructions; and restored with FUJI IX, GC glass ionomer (GC, Chicago, Ill), with the press finger technique that automatically places sealants on the occlusal tooth surface. Children who underwent treatment were asked to evaluate their experience by completing the World Health Organization Patient Satisfaction Form. Follow-up evaluations of atraumatic restorative treatment restorations were conducted at 1- and 2-year intervals (2001–2002); the criteria established by Frencken and Holmgren4 were used to determine whether the atraumatic restorative treatment restorations were lost, had marginal defects, or had deep wear. Descriptive statistics were analyzed from the data.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
A total of 370 restorations were performed, and 193 sealants were placed. Treatment time ranged from 10 to 80 minutes, with no significant time difference between professional dentists and dental students. We were unable to follow-up on some cases because the families migrated.

Results showed a restoration retention rate of 81% in the first year and 66% in the second year; the highest rate was in the central and distal surfaces in posterior permanent teeth (Table 1Go). These results were comparable to those of other studies—78% to 90% retention rate in the first year and 63% to 86% in the second year.4,8 The probability for failure is less in restoration of occlusal surfaces (P=.004). Retention rate in the sealants was quite low (51%); the highest rate was in the buccal and lingual surfaces. This may be attributed to poor moisture control and the lack of comprehensive strength of glass ionomers in high-wear areas.4 A significant result is the absence of recurring decay related to the atraumatic restorative treatment restorations and the absence of caries in children where sealants were placed, but later lost.


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  		TABLE 1—— Retention of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Restorations at 1 and 2 Years
 
Patient satisfaction with atraumatic restorative treatment was high (Table 2Go). Most did not experience pain during excavation (68%) and during filling (85%). Of the patients treated, 93% were comfortable with their restorations. One child was sent to the dental clinic in the town of Aculco because of pulp exposure.


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  		TABLE 2—— Patient Experience of Pain (N = 72) During Scraping and Filling: Satisfaction With Atraumatic Restorative Treatment
 
Retention rates for the restorations were higher in the first than in the second year, which suggests a wear and tear in the restorations. Glass ionomers are reported to have a medium-term wear of 1 year,4 and resistance to wear of glass ionomers is lower than that of composite resins or amalgam.7 The retention rate was higher in 1 surface restoration, which may reflect high compressive strength but low resistance to flexural forces of glass ionomers.12

The absence of caries in teeth with atraumatic restorative treatment restorations or sealants indicates that atraumatic restorative treatment is an effective preventive measure for caries even in the presence of other factors that may contribute to the development of caries. It has been noted that fluoride from glass ionomers produces an environment that controls the development of caries, and surfaces that were not sealed had a 4 times greater chance of developing caries.4 It is possible that some of the children would have needed teeth extractions were it not for the atraumatic restorative treatment restorations and sealants.

The lower rate of retention as compared with other field studies may be attributed to the inexperience of the students and dentists, especially in the mixing of glass ionomers, which affects its compressive strength. The absence of a significant difference between the performance of dentists and dental students may indicate that less experienced personnel or nondentists can be trained to do atraumatic restorative treatment. Dental nurses and therapists can successfully place atraumatic restorative treatment restorations.13,14


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
References
 
Atraumatic restorative treatment needs to be considered as a preventive and treatment modality for caries in communities with no dentists. More studies of atraumatic restorative treatment in both developing and industrialized countries are needed to validate its effectiveness and acceptability.


   Acknowledgments
 
Special thanks to GC America and Hu-Friedy, who provided funding and donated materials and instruments.

We would like to thank those who helped implement the project: the sisters of the Fundacion Religiosa de las Hijas Maria Madre de Dios, who helped secure permission from village elders, as well as recruit participants; to Abtin Shahriari for the statistical analysis; to Jo Frencken for training the dentists and dental students in atraumatic restorative treatment; to the Universidad Tecnologia (UNITEC) and the Oral Division of the Ministry of Health for their collaboration.

Human Participant Protection
The study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Pennsylvania.


   Footnotes
 
Peer Reviewed

Contributors
N. Lopez wrote the project proposal, implemented and administered the project, and was the main author of the brief. S. Simpser-Rafalin conducted the field study and supervised dentists and dental students in the study. P. Berthold led the evaluation of the atraumatic restorative treatment. All authors analyzed the data, interpreted findings, and reviewed drafts of the article.

Accepted for publication December 5, 2004.


   References
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 References
 
1. Barmes DE. Foreword: Proceedings of the International Association of Dental Research Symposium on Minimal Intervention Techniques for Dental Caries. J Public Health Dent. 1996;56(3 special issue):131.

2. Frenk Mora J. Programa de Acción: Salud Bucal. Col Juarez, México: Secretaria de Salud, Sup Secretaria de Prevencion y Protection de la Salud; 2002:968–987.

3. Phantumvanit P, Songpaisan Y, Pilot T, Frencken JE. Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART): a three-year community field trial in Thailand—survival of one-surface restorations in the permanent dentition. J Public Health Dent. 1996;56(3 spec no):141–145.[Medline]

4. Frencken J, Holmgren C. Atraumatic Restorative Treatment for Dental Caries. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: STI b.v.; 1999.

5. Frencken JE, Makoni F, Sithole WD, Hackenitz E. Three-year survival of one-surface ART restorations and glassionomer sealants in a school oral health programme in Zimbabwe. Caries Res. 1998;32:119–126.[Web of Science][Medline]

6. Holmgren CJ, Lo EC, Hu D, Wan H. ART restorations and sealants placed in Chinese school children—results after three years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28:314–320.[Web of Science][Medline]

7. Mandari GJ, Frencken JE, van’t Hof MA. Six-year success rates of occlusal amalgam and glassionomer restorations placed using three minimal intervention approaches. Caries Res. 2003;37:246–253.[Medline]

8. Mjor IA, Gordan VV. A review of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). Int Dent J. 1999;49:127–131.[Medline]

9. Mickenautsch S, Munshi I, Grossman ES. Comparative cost of ART and conventional treatment within a dental school clinic. SADJ. 2002;57:52–58.[Medline]

10. Putthasri W, Pitiphat W, Phantumvanit P, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of using atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique compared to conventional amalgam treatment [abstract]. J Dent Res. 1998;77:1354.

11. Frencken JE, Pilot T, Songpaisan Y, Phantumvanit P. Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART): rationale, technique and development. J Public Health Dent. 1996; 56(3 spec no):135–140.[Web of Science][Medline]

12. Roulet J-F, Degrange M. Adhesion: The Silent Revolution in Dentistry. Carol Streams, Ill: Quintessence Pub; 2000:66–68.

13. Mallow PK, Durward CS, Klaipo M. Restoration of permanent teeth in young rural children in Cambodia using the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique and Fuji II glass ionomer cement. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1998;8:35–40.[Medline]

14. Nhep S, Durward CS, Klaipo M. Survival of ART restorations placed by student dental nurses in Cambodia. Oral presentation at: 18th International Association for Dental Research (Southeast Asia Division); Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; September 25–27, 2003.





This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
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Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
AJPH.2004.056945v1
95/8/1338    most recent
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Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
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Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (1)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
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Right arrow Articles by Berthold, P.
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Right arrow Articles by Lopez, N.
Right arrow Articles by Berthold, P.
Related Collections
Right arrow Community Health
Right arrow Dental/Oral Health
Right arrow Access to Care
Right arrow Other Child and Adolescent Health
Right arrow Socioeconomic Factors

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