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© 2006 American Public Health Association
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078253
LETTER |
Olivia Carter-Pokras is with the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. Ruth Enid Zambrana is with the Department of Women’s Studies and the Consortium on Race, Gender and Ethnicity, University of Maryland, College Park.
Correspondence: Requests for reprints should be sent to Olivia Carter-Pokras, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Howard Hall, Room 140C, 660 W Redwood St, Baltimore, MD 21201 (e-mail: opokras{at}epi.umaryland.edu).
Health care providers are increasingly called upon to collect legal status information to facilitate program enrollment and reduce uncompensated care costs. A recent Journal article suggested that collection of information on legal status in national surveys "is essential" to the study of health insurance coverage.1 Although we agree that legal status may play an important role in access to health care,2 we are concerned that collection of this information without additional safeguards to protect confidentiality and privacy could endanger the health and well-being of research participants or service recipients.
Safeguards put into place by the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LAFANS) to protect the confidentiality and privacy of respondents providing this highly sensitive information go beyond standard informed consent procedures ( J. Prentice, PhD, e-mail, June 2005 and August 2005). LAFANS staff instituted "elaborate controls over access to potentially identifying data on respondents" to ensure that respondents were never identified and "obtained a certificate of confidentiality from the Department of Health and Human Services which protects LAFANS from having the data subpoenaed." The survey did not ask respondents directly whether they were undocumented but asked 5 questions about respondents’ US citizenship; residency; refugee status; tourist, student, or work visas; and validity of these documents.3 These data are available to the research community, but availability of potentially identifying data is restricted (for more information, see http://www.lasurvey.rand.org). Other health interview surveys are using a more limited set of questions. For example, the California Health Interview Survey contains 1 question on US citizenship and 1 on permanent residency.4
A Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) program to help cover the costs of uncompensated emergency health services does not ask questions on US citizenship or whether a patient is an undocumented alien.5 CMS has stated, "We believe that asking a patient to state that he or she is an undocumented alien in an emergency room setting may deter some patients from seeking needed care."5(p42) The California Health Interview Survey and the CMS provider payment determination form6 state that legal status information will not be provided to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (now US Citizenship and Immigration Services).
We support recommendations to obtain proxy measures of acculturation (e.g., language use, birthplace/generation, time in the United States) and socioeconomic status to better understand immigrant health,7 but additional legal protections (e.g., the US Department of Health and Human Services confidentiality certificate8) and controls are needed to protect people’s confidentiality and privacy when legal status is collected.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical input of LAFANS investigators and the comments of Henry Montes.
References
1. Prentice JC, Pebley AR, Sastry N. Immigration status and health insurance coverage: Who gains? Who loses? Am J Public Health. 2005;95:109–116.
2. Zambrana RE, Carter-Pokras O. Latino health and behavior. In: Anderson NB, ed. Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications; 2004:575–583.
3. Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LAFANS) Adult Questionnaire. Available at: http://www.lasurvey.rand.org/adult.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2005.
4. CHIS 2003 Adult Questionnaire. Available at: http://www.chis.ucla.edu/pdf/CHIS2003_adult_q.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2005.
5. Emergency Clearance: Public Information Collection Requirements Submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). CMS-10130. Available at: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/providers/section1011/cms10130.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2005.
6. Section 1011 Provider Payment Determination. OMB No. 0938–0952. Available at: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/forms/cms10130A.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2005.
7. Panel on DHHS Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data, Ver Ploeg M, Perrin E, eds. Eliminating Health Disparities: Measurement and Data Needs. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004. Also available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10979.html. Accessed October 24, 2005.
8. NIH Announces Statement on Certificates of Confidentiality. Notice: NOT-OD-02–037. March 15, 2002. Available at: http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-037.html. Accessed October 3, 2005.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  A. N. Ortega, H. Fang, V. H. Perez, J. A. Rizzo, O. Carter-Pokras, S. P. Wallace, and L. Gelberg Health Care Access, Use of Services, and Experiences Among Undocumented Mexicans and Other Latinos Arch Intern Med, November 26, 2007; 167(21): 2354 - 2360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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