Individual and Contextual Determinants of
Domestic Violence in North India
Michael A Koenig 1*,Rob Stephenson 2,Saifuddin Ahmed 1,Shireen J Jejeebhoy 3,Jacquelyn Campbell 4
1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2 Emory University Rollins School of Public Health 3 Population Council, New Delhi 4 Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mkoenig{at}jhsph.edu.
Abstract
Objectives. We examined individual- and community-level influenceson
domestic violence in Uttar Pradesh, North India.
Methods.Multilevel modeling was used to explore domestic violence outcomes
amonga sample of 4520 married men.
Results. Recent physical and sexualdomestic violence was associated with the
individual-level variablesof childlessness, economic pressure, and intergenerational
transmissionof violence. A community environment of violent crime was associated
withelevated risks of both physical and sexual violence. Community-level
normsconcerning wife beating were significantly related only to physicalviolence.
Conclusions. Important similarities as well as differenceswere evident in risk
factors for physical and sexual domesticviolence. Higher socioeconomic status
was found to be protectiveagainst physical but not sexual violence. Our results provide
additionalsupport for the importance of contextual factors in shapingwomen's
risks of physical and sexual violence. (Am J PublicHealth. 2006;96:XXX-XXX.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050872)
Key Words:
Gender, Sexual Health, Social Science, Women's Health
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