References

References

1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006;295:15491555. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA. 2002;288:17231727. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
3. [No authors listed.] Overweight, obesity, and health risk. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:898904. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
4. The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health; 2000. Google Scholar
5. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002. JAMA. 2004;291:28472850. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
6. Nishitani N, Sakakibara H. Relationship of obesity to job stress and eating behavior in male Japanese workers. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:528533. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
7. Björntorp P. Visceral fat accumulation: the missing link between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease? J Intern Med. 1991;230:195201. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
8. Björntorp P. Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev. 2001;2:7386. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
9. Chambers EC, Tull ES, Fraser HS, Mutunhu NR, Sobers N, Niles E. The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96:15941598. MedlineGoogle Scholar
10. Dallman MF, Pecoraro N, Akana SF, et al.. Chronic stress and obesity: a new view of “comfort food.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:1169611701. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
11. Epel E, Lapidus R, McEwen B, Brownell K. Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001;26:3749. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
12. Fabricatore AN, Wadden TA. Psychological aspects of obesity. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22:332337. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
13. Tull SE, Wickramasuriya T, Taylor J, et al.. Relationship of internalized racism to abdominal obesity and blood pressure in Afro-Caribbean women. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:447452. MedlineGoogle Scholar
14. Marniemi J, Kronholm E, Aunola S, et al.. Visceral fat and psychosocial stress in identical twins discordant for obesity. J Intern Med. 2002;251:3543. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
15. Rohrer JE, Rohland BM. Psychosocial risk factors for obesity among women in a family planning clinic. BMC Fam Pract. 2004;5:20. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
16. Vines AI, Baird DD, Stevens J, Hertz-Picciotto I, Light KC, McNeilly M. Associations of abdominal fat with perceived racism and passive emotional responses to racism in African American women. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:526530. LinkGoogle Scholar
17. McEwen BS, Seeman T. Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress. Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:3047. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
18. Kelly S, Hertzman C, Daniels M. Searching for the biological pathways between stress and health. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:437462. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
19. Peters A, Pellerin L, Dallman MF, et al.. Causes of obesity: looking beyond the hypothalamus. Prog Neurobiol. 2007;81:6188. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
20. McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:20932101. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
21. Mays VM, Cochran SD, Barnes NW. Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:201225. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
22. Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:200208. LinkGoogle Scholar
23. Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:888901. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
24. Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young Black and White adults. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:13701378. LinkGoogle Scholar
25. Brondolo E, Rieppi R, Kelly KP, Gerin W. Perceived racism and blood pressure: a review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique. Ann Behav Med. 2003;25:5565. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
26. Brown TN, Williams DR, Jackson JS, et al.. “Being Black and feeling blue”: the mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Race Soc. 1999;2:117131. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
27. Noh S, Beiser M, Kaspar V, Hou F, Rummens J. Perceived racial discrimination, depression, and coping: a study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:193207. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
28. Jackson JS, Brown TN, Williams DR, Torres M, Sellers SL, Brown K. Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:132147. MedlineGoogle Scholar
29. Bennett GG, Wolin KY, Robinson EL, Fowler S, Edwards CL. Perceived racial/ethnic harassment and tobacco use among African American young adults. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:238240. LinkGoogle Scholar
30. Guthrie BJ, Young AM, Williams DR, Boyd CJ, Kintner EK. African American girls' smoking habits and day-to-day experiences with racial discrimination. Nurs Res. 2002;51:183190. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
31. Landrine H, Klonoff EA. Racial discrimination and cigarette smoking among Blacks: findings from two studies. Ethn Dis. 2000;10:195202. MedlineGoogle Scholar
32. Yen IH, Ragland DR, Greiner BA, Fisher JM. Racial discrimination and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operators: findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study. Public Health Rep. 1999;114:448458. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
33. Yen IH, Ragland DR, Greiner BA, Fisher JM. Workplace discrimination and alcohol consumption: findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study. Ethn Dis. 1999;9:7080. MedlineGoogle Scholar
34. Collins JW, David RJ, Handler A, Wall S, Andes S. Very low birthweight in African American infants: the role of maternal exposure to interpersonal racial discrimination. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:21322138. LinkGoogle Scholar
35. Mustillo S, Krieger N, Gunderson EP, Sidney S, McCreath H, Kiefe CI. Self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and Black-White differences in preterm and low-birthweight deliveries: the CARDIA Study. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:21252131. LinkGoogle Scholar
36. Wyatt SB, Williams DR, Calvin R, Henderson FC, Walker ER, Winters K. Racism and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. Am J Med Sci. 2003;325:315331. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
37. Troxel WM, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Chronic stress burden, discrimination, and subclinical carotid artery disease in African American and Caucasian women. Health Psychol. 2003;22:300309. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
38. Lewis TT, Everson-Rose SA, Powell LH, et al.. Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and coronary artery calcification in African-American women: the SWAN Heart Study. Psychosom Med. 2006;68:362368. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
39. Jones CP. Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. Am J Public Health. 2000;90:12121215. LinkGoogle Scholar
40. Williams DR, Williams-Morris R. Racism and mental health: the African American experience. Ethn Health. 2000;5:243268. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
41. Butler C, Tull ES, Chambers EC, Taylor J. Internalized racism, body fat distribution, and abnormal fasting glucose among African-Caribbean women in Dominica, West Indies. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94:143148. MedlineGoogle Scholar
42. Stuber J, Galea S, Ahern J, Blaney S, Fuller C. The association between multiple domains of discrimination and self-assessed health: a multilevel analysis of Latinos and Blacks in four low-income New York City neighborhoods. Health Serv Res. 2003;38(6 pt 2):17351759. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
43. Gee GC, Ryan A, Laflamme DJ, Holt J. Self-reported discrimination and mental health status among African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 Initiative: the added dimension of immigration. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:18211828. LinkGoogle Scholar
44. Ryan AM, Gee GC, Laflamme DF. The association between self-reported discrimination, physical health and blood pressure: findings from African Americans, Black immigrants, and Latino immigrants in New Hampshire. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2006;17(2 suppl):116132. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
45. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:208230. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
46. Barnes LL, Mendes De Leon CF, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Racial differences in perceived discrimination in a community population of older Blacks and Whites. J Aging Health. 2004;16:315337. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
47. Schulz A, Israel B, Williams D, Parker E, Becker A, James S. Social inequalities, stressors and self reported health status among African American and White women in the Detroit metropolitan area. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:16391653. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
48. Gee GC. A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:615623. LinkGoogle Scholar
49. Gee GC, Spencer M, Chen J, Yip T, Takeuchi DT. The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64:19841996. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
50. Casey S, O'Connell M. Pain and prejudice: assessing the experience of racism in Ireland. In: , MacLachlan M, O'Connell M, eds. Cultivating Pluralism: Psychological, Social and Cultural Perspectives on a Changing Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Oak Tree Press; 2000:1948. Google Scholar
51. Dion KL, Dion KK, Pak AW. Personality-based hardiness as a buffer for discrimination-related stress in members of Toronto's Chinese community. Can J Behav Sci. 1992;24:517536. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
52. Karlsen S, Nazroo JY. Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:624631. LinkGoogle Scholar
53. Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Racism and health: the relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:14281441. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
54. Bhui K, Stansfeld S, McKenzie K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J, Weich S. Racial/ethnic discrimination and common mental disorders among workers: findings from the EMPIRIC Study of Ethnic Minority Groups in the United Kingdom. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:496501. LinkGoogle Scholar
55. De Vogli R, Ferrie JE, Chandola T, Kivimäki M, Marmot MG. Unfairness and health: evidence from the Whitehall II Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61:513518. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
56. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:674697. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
57. Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2:335351. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
58. Morenoff JD, House JS, Hansen BB, Williams DR, Kaplan GA, Hunte HE. Understanding social disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control: the role of neighborhood context. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65:18531866. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
59. US Census Bureau. State and county quick facts. Available at: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1714000.html. Accessed June 7, 2008. Google Scholar
60. [No authors listed.] Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. Series 1: programs and collection procedures. Vital Health Stat 1. 1994;July(32):1407. Google Scholar
61. Pietrobelli A, Boner AL, Tatò L. Adipose tissue and metabolic effects: new insight into measurements. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(suppl 2):S97S100. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
62. Després JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Bouchard C. Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10:497511. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
63. Kissebah AH, Vydelingum N, Murray R, et al.. Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;54:254260. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
64. Menke A, Muntner P, Wildman RP, Reynolds K, He J. Measures of adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15:785795. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
65. Kuk JL, Katzmarzyk PT, Nichaman MZ, Church TS, Blair SN, Ross R. Visceral fat is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14:336341. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
66. Bosy-Westphal A, Geisler C, Onur S, et al.. Value of body fat mass vs anthropometric obesity indices in the assessment of metabolic risk factors. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:475483. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
67. Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PH, Burke V. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as predictors of adipose tissue compartments in men. QJM. 2003;96:441447. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
68. Schulz AJ, Gravlee CC, Williams DR, Israel BA, Mentz G, Rowe Z. Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:12651270. LinkGoogle Scholar
69. Jackson JS, Williams DR, Torres M. Perceptions of discrimination, health and mental health: the social stress process. In: Socioeconomic Conditions, Stress and Mental Disorders: Toward a New Synthesis of Research and Public Policy 2002 [online collection]. Available at: http://www.mhsip.org/pdfs/jackson.pdf. Accessed June 7, 2008. Google Scholar
70. Bhopal R. Is research into ethnicity and health racist, unsound, or important science? BMJ. 1997;314:17511756. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
71. Jackson FL. Race and ethnicity as biological constructs. Ethn Dis. 1992;2:120125. MedlineGoogle Scholar
72. Aspinall PJ. Describing the “white” ethnic group and its composition in medical research. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:17971808. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
73. Waters MC. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1990. Google Scholar
74. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385401. CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Related

No related items

TOOLS

SHARE

ARTICLE CITATION

Haslyn E. R. Hunte, PhD, MPH, and David R. Williams, PhD, MPHAt the time of the study, Haslyn E. R. Hunte was with the Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison. David R. Williams is with the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, and the Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard University, Boston. “The Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Obesity in a Population-Based Multiracial and Multiethnic Adult Sample”, American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): pp. 1285-1292.

https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128090

PMID: 18923119